Internal Corporate Governance Control

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance and Ethics. Answer: Introduction The internal control is concerned with the practices and the procedures which ensure that the particular organization would achieve the targets which are set within their strategy. It strives to use the organizational resources in an economic manner (Oppong et al. 2016). An effective as well as reliable internal control is the foundation of compliance with judicious business practices (Oppong et al. 2016). The internal control also takes care that the risk management procedures are arranged in an adequate manner. It focuses on the greater control over the custody of the client assets as well as protection of the individual property. The internal control ensures that there is conformance with the regulations as well as approved principles concerning ethics. The Board of Directors increasingly understands the evolvement, practical application as well as the implementation of the internal control in the organization. This paper would demonstrate the development of the internal control as well as the risk assessment in a real organization. The organization selected for the purpose of study is Barclays Bank, which is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. The associated scandals of the Bank would be discussed which is helpful in contributing to the subject matter. The implementation of the risk assessment and the internal control in the UK and USA would be discussed and any major differences between both the countries would be outlined. The concluding part of the paper would discuss the implementation of the internal control as well as risk assessment in the companies belonging to both USA and UK. Discussion The internal corporate governance control is one of the prominent issues in the UK as well as USA as there have been major accounting issues in these countries. The United States of America has adopted sufficient steps to modulate the internal control systems of the organizations (Blackwell and Kochan 2013). This has been done with the help of Sarbenes-Oxley Act of 2002, which aims to protect the investors from the several fraudulent activities of the different corporations (Blackwell and Kochan 2013). This has increased the accuracy as well as transparency in the financial reporting in the US organizations. UK has adopted more market-regulated approach to increase the internal control in the organizations. It is important that the listed companies implement effective risk management strategies as well as internal control so that they can be transparent to their shareholders. The internal control in the organization serves a variety of purposes. It is one of the primary tools of the company in order to identify the probable risks. It is also helpful for the company to safeguard the investments made by the different shareholders as well as protect the assets of the company (Spekl and Verbeeten 2014). The internal control improves the business operations and enhances the effectiveness of the internal as well as external reporting (Spekl and Verbeeten 2014). An internal control system is helpful in the detection of the fraud as well as support management and checks whether these adhere to the laws and regulations made by the organization. The internal control system focuses on the financial controls as it helps in the management as well as detection of financial risks in the organization (Spekl and Verbeeten 2014). The organization should be able to adapt to the ever-changing risk profile which would happen if the internal control system of the organization is evaluated on a regular basis (Spekl and Verbeeten 2014). The avoidance of risks by the internal control system is outside the purview of the internal control systems, however, these try to assess as well as detect the material risks of the company. This also helps the management to handle these exposures in an appropriate manner. Barclays Bank is one of the largest multinational banking as well as financial services organization, which is headquartered in London, United Kingdom (Barclays.co.uk 2017). The Bank has its operations in the wholesale, retail as well as investment banking operations. It also operates in the wealth management, credit cards and mortgage lending (Barclays.co.uk 2017). The Bank has its operations in more than 50 countries and serves more than 48 million customers (Barclays.co.uk 2017). The Bank has been involved in several scandals such as Libor-rigging scandal, forex scandal and brazen currency (Barclays.co.uk 2017). These incidences indicate that the company has lack of internal control. There is also lack of involvement of the board of directors which results into lack of organizing of the internal control functions. The company personnel at Barclays Bank were accused of manipulating the Libor interest rates. On investigating into the matter, the jury members found out that the conspirators were involved in the fixing of the rates so that the Bank could make more financial gains (Duffie and Stein 2015). There were nine investment bankers (drawing highest package) of Barclays in New York and London, who were involved in the conspiracy. During the trial, the accused claimed that the bank used to act in the commercial interest when they were engaged in the daily submissions embedded in the process of Libor setting (Fouquau and Spieser 2015). When the court cross examined the evidences, they found out that the labors were not reflecting actual cost of the money. The actual cost of the money was higher than the ones presented in the official documents (around 5 to 15 points). The prosecutors agreed to the fact that the Libor manipulation has been some international issues and this has been a subject o f the extensive cooperation within the UK and USA authorities (Duffie and Stein 2015). The Bank has reached the around $100m settlement with approximately 40 USA states (Duffie and Stein 2015). This was due to the fact that the bank was involved in the anticompetitive as well as fraudulent activities which were directly related to the Libor rigging scandal. The organization faced strict fines as a result of manipulating the benchmark interest rates. The Board of Directors should take the responsibility of properly organizing the internal control by implementing effective control principles in the organization (Simons 2013). The executive management as well as the managing director of the company should be accountable for the execution of the internal control in their own departments so that the duties are well segregated among the employees (Duffie and Stein 2015). The centralized Compliance functions, Finance, Treasury and Risk management entities ensure that the internal control process is effective. The internal audit in Barclays Bank is responsible for making the group level auditing which involves the objective as well as independent assessment, consulting and the assurance activities (Knechel and Salterio 2016). The internal audit team helps the internal financial team to incorporate a systematic as well as disciplined approach in the evaluation as well as effectiveness of the risk management, governance and supervision processes (Alzeban and Gwilliam 2014). The internal audit should be conducted according to the good internal auditing principles (Duffie and Stein 2015). The planning, reporting and implementation of audit is considered as an independent function. One of the most important components of the internal control is the internal audit (Alzeban and Gwilliam 2014). The internal audit operates as separate unit which works under the supervision of the CEO as well as the board of directors. The Board of Directors of Barclays as well as the Audit Committee is responsible for the actual implementation of the internal control in the organization (Minto and McCormick 2014). The financial reporting results should be monitored regularly and any anomalies should be given due importance. It would also help the management to detect the reporting errors so that accurate information can be gathered regarding the finances of the company (Minto and McCormick 2014). The internal audit concentrates on the various risks that are faced by the organizations and how the organizations should respond to them. In this process, there is inclusion of both the financial as well as non-financial processes along with the reputation of the company. The external audit of the Bank is usually concerned with a third party organization that is free to examine as well as assess the organizational framework. This type of audit focuses more on the finance job function and the key business risks of the bank (Minto and McCormick 2014). There can be credit risks, operational risks, market risks, liquidity risks, reputational risks and others which should be considered by the Bank from time and again (Bouvatier Lepetit and Strobel 2014). The external audit is usually performed at an annual basis and this document is a reflection to showcase how the company performs from a financial point of view. The internal control system is being evaluated by the external auditors in order to ensure that they are working effectively. The basic purpose of the audit committee is to review the financial reporting system of the organization, audit process, internal control systems, compliance with laws and others (Brennan and Kirwan 2015). The audit committee of Barclays reviews the accounting as well as reporting issues in order to understand the potential impact on the financial scenario. It takes into account the way financial information is required for the smooth functioning of the organization. The committee is engaged in reviewing the results of the audit with the external auditors and the management team (Ishak 2016). This also includes the scrutiny of the financial information, which should satisfy the predetermined standards. The audit committees are actively engaged in the reviewing of the internal controls of the organization and assessing their effectiveness. The committee reviews the available management information, financial information and the operational matters so that they can understand the level of internal controls prevailing in organization (Brennan and Kirwan 2015). The management of the compliance risks forms an integral part of the internal control. It is also one of the prime important factors in the effective corporate governance practices (Elgammal et al. 2016). The senior management of the bank has the responsibility of regulatory compliance. The compliance function is associated with the assisting of the senior management as well as executive management (Brennan and Kirwan 2015). It also helps in the assessment of the risk management priorities of the organization. The compliance risks should be taken into account while formulating the strategy of the organization. The internal control of the organization also encompasses the risk management function. The purpose of the risk management as well as the capital adequacy management is to ensure that the organization has adequate risk-bearing capacity (Al-Hassan et al. 2013). This also helps in the checking of the liquidity of the organization so that the business continuity can take place in a smooth manner (Cummings and Durrani 2016). The risk bearing capacity of the bank encapsulates the effective risk management of the firm with respect to the complexity of the operations as well as the availability of the capital resources of the firm (Al-Hassan et al. 2013). The Bank engages in moderate degree of risk taking which is spread across all the business operations. There are a number of risks for the company such as operational risks, strategic risks, concentration risks, underwriting risks and others. The risk management as well as the internal capital adequacy process (ICAAP) involves several step s (Cummings and Durrani 2016). This includes the identification, measurement, assessment and the mitigation of the risks. The second step includes the reliable determination and the fixing of the degree of liquidity as well as capital required for the purpose of mitigating various kinds of risks (Cummings and Durrani 2016). The last step involves the allocation of capital as well as liquidity systematically as per the current risk-taking activity of the business unit. There are several types of internal controls which are used in the organization. They can be- detective control, corrective control and the preventive control (Mohammad et al. 2014). The detective control is concerned with the detection of errors which have already occurred in the organization. The corrective controls are designed to correct irregularities which have already been detected in the organization (Cummings and Durrani 2016). The preventive controls are implemented in such a manner that the proactive action can be taken regarding the deformities so that they do not occur in the organizations. The risk disclosures of the Barclays go through period of significant credit crisis. It is important to implement risk reporting in the organization as the uncertainties area n integral part of the modern-day businesses (Olso and Wu 2015). The shareholders as well as the investors of the bank would be able to understand the current as well as future risk position of the organization if the company personnel engage in adequate risk disclosure. In UK, there has been more priority to the risk management function, risk appetite framework and subsequent risk reduction through the process of diversification (Cummings and Durrani 2016). There is no inherent immunity from the various risks; however, they can be managed if proper attention is given to internal control. The COSO framework is a non-profit organization which has the objective of finding out the different factors that has led to the corrupt financial reporting (Pett Blomster and Wallace 2015). The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission was founded in the year 1985 and it is funded by the accounting associations (Pett Blomster and Wallace 2015). The internal control of the organization comprises of several elements such as management philosophy, established values, responsibility assignment and the leadership provided by the senior management. The Turnbull report 1999 focuses on the high impact as well as higher likelihood risks. It sets out the various best practices for the implementation of the internal control in the different UK listed organizations (Goh and Gupta 2016). The report focuses on the setting of the objectives, identification of the risks, assessment of the risks and the way they affect the internal control of the organizations. The recommendations of the report encourage the board of the directors of the companies to take into account various factors. These factors include- extent and nature of the risks faced by the organization, likelihood of risk materialization, types of acceptable risks, ability of company to reduce the risk impact and the cost effectiveness of the internal controls (Goh and Gupta 2016). The Irish Companies Act 2014 proposed by Matheson, introduce several changes in the company law prevalent in Ireland (Matheson 2017). This law has enabled the companies to take care of the annual compliance as well as corporate governance among the Irish companies. The Act has introduced several changes in the existing financial structure of the companies that has decreased the degree of administrative burden. There has been implementation of a simple written process for approval such as financial assistance implemented for the purpose of share acquisition. This would also lead to the reduction of capital and placing of the organization into voluntary liquidation. There are considerable differences in the risk disclosure procedures as well as internal controls of UK and USA. The shareholders are given more value in the UK than in USA. In the UK, there has been a shift in the legal developments concerning corporate governance. There has been incorporation of broader shareholder perspective in UK, unlike in USA. There are also significant differences in the auditing process followed in both the organizations. In UK, there is different perceptions of the effectiveness of internal control. There was close association between the risk management process and the internal controls. The UK companies like to identify the financial risk, business risks and the internal controls in the various risk reporting processes. In USA, the internal controls are quite limited. However, in the USA, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is followed and this has been extended recently to the Enterprise Risk Management as well (Cavusoglu et al. 2015). The COSO internal control frame work is currently dominating the control management function in the USA organizations. In UK, the risk management process is systematic and they are deeply embedded in the company procedures. The internal control was in the hands of the private companies in UK for a longer time than that in USA. UK entered into the corporate governance sector with the help of the Cadbury Committee in the year 1992 (Zalewska 2014.). The USA and UK companies implement the internal control procedures in their own possible way. In the US, the internal controls are established for providing adequate assurance for safeguarding the assets of the firm. An increasing level of importance is being laid on the use of the proper accounting records in the organization. In the UK and Ireland, the organizations place greater importance on the mitigation of risk process and they consider this process as one of the most important components of the internal control (Mees 2015). Conclusion The UK governance code believes in the principle that that the board of directors of the company should adhere to the sound risk management tactics which is required for the greater implementation of the internal control systems. The board is responsible for monitoring risk management of the company as well as governing of the internal control systems. Management use the various internal control mechanisms to make sure that the objectives of the business are being achieved. It is clear from the above discussion that the internal control is one of the most important elements of corporate governance. This internal audit adds considerable value to the management by keeping the senior management informed about the control mechanisms. The development as well as implementation of the internal control in Barclays Bank is discussed. The various scandals of the Bank are being discussed which demonstrated that there is lack of internal control in their organization. The Libor setting scandal i s one of the biggest scandals of the bank. The implementation of the risk assessment as well as internal control that is used by both USA and UK is discussed. This paper would broaden the understanding of the internal control in organizations and how they can be leveraged to meet the company objectives. The process of risk management would also be helpful, especially for the purpose of surviving in the market for longer duration. References Al-Hassan, A., Papaioannou, M.M.G., Skancke, M. and Sung, C.C., 2013.Sovereign wealth funds: Aspects of governance structures and investment management(No. 13-231). International Monetary Fund. Alzeban, A. and Gwilliam, D., 2014. Factors affecting the internal audit effectiveness: A survey of the Saudi public sector.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,23(2), pp.74-86. Barclays.co.uk. 2017.Barclays | Personal Banking. [online] Available at: https://www.barclays.co.uk [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Blackwell, R. and Kochan, T.A., 2013. Restoring the Public Purpose to Private Corporations. Bouvatier, V., Lepetit, L. and Strobel, F., 2014. Bank income smoothing, ownership concentration and the regulatory environment.Journal of Banking Finance,41, pp.253-270. Brennan, N.M. and Kirwan, C.E., 2015. Audit committees: practices, practitioners and praxis of governance.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(4), pp.466-493. Cavusoglu, H., Cavusoglu, H., Son, J.Y. and Benbasat, I., 2015. Institutional pressures in security management: Direct and indirect influences on organizational investment in information security control resources.Information Management,52(4), pp.385-400. Cummings, J.R. and Durrani, K.J., 2016. Regulatory Capital and Internal Capital Targets: An Examination of the Australian Banking Industry. Duffie, D. and Stein, J.C., 2015. Reforming LIBOR and other financial market benchmarks.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(2), pp.191-212. Elgammal, A., Turetken, O., van den Heuvel, W.J. and Papazoglou, M., 2016. Formalizing and appling compliance patterns for business process compliance.Software Systems Modeling,15(1), pp.119-146. Fouquau, J. and Spieser, P.K., 2015. Statistical evidence about LIBOR manipulation: A Sherlock Holmes investigation.Journal of Banking Finance,50, pp.632-643. Goh, L. and Gupta, A., 2016. Remuneration of non-executive directors: Evidence from the UK.The British Accounting Review,48(3), pp.379-399. Ishak, S., 2016. Going-Concern Audit Report: The Role of Audit Committee and Risk Management Committee.International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information,19(6A), p.1837. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. Matheson. 2017.Law Firm | Ireland | Legal Services. [online] Available at: https://www.matheson.com [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Mees, B., 2015. Corporate governance as a reform movement.Journal of Management History,21(2), pp.194-209. Minto, A. and McCormick, R., 2014. Governance of Banks in an Era of Regulatory Change and Declining Public Confidence.Law and Economics Yearly Review, pp.6-45. Mohammadi, J., Ghaffari, A., Hadavi, A. and Mohammadi, K., 2014. Analysis of the role of internal control in performing the responsibility of managers of public sector.European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings,2(3 (s)), pp.pp-2321. Olson, D.L. and Wu, D.D., 2015.Enterprise risk management(Vol. 3). World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Oppong, M., Owiredu, A., Abedana, V.N. and Asante, E., 2016. The Impact of Internal Control on the Performance of Faith-Based NGOs in Accra. Pett, J., Blomster, K. and Wallace, A., 2015. A well-oiled machine: organizations can fine-tune their internal controls over financial reporting using the COSO framework update.Internal Auditor,72(1), pp.31-36. Simons, R., 2013.Levers of control: How managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Spekl, R.F. and Verbeeten, F.H., 2014. The use of performance measurement systems in the public sector: Effects on performance.Management Accounting Research,25(2), pp.131-146. Zalewska, A., 2014. Challenges of corporate governance: Twenty years after Cadbury, ten years after SarbanesOxley. Solomon, J., 2007.Corporate governance and accountability. John Wiley Sons.

Hardness Removal free essay sample

88%. Total Hardness Percentage Removal = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% Magnesium Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment process come to reaching the practical limits of hardness reduction? Hardness removal limits were not achieved. Calcium was reduced to a concentration of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of Magnesium the concentration was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent difference: 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference: 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric tons of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 million gallons of water per day based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.? To run this water softening technique in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day Discussion Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on large amounts of water to operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Hardness Removal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their overall effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reliable ways of reducing water hardness in large scales. The particular method used in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular procedure only works for water that has an initial pH level lower than 8. Based on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to find what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was recorded at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L. Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. Even though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This can be attributed to the fact that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from diminishing returns. Sources of error in this lab can be attributed to the fact that the sample water was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.

Mothers Kindness free essay sample

Junes mother wants her to become a successful piano player. The problem with this is that June possesses no talent or determination to do so, so she doesnt practice. Her mother cleans an old deaf piano teachers apartment in exchange for June to be taught piano, but the teacher cant correct June when she makes a mistake, because he cannot hear. Junes mother encouraged her to practice and would always brag about how good she was to everyone. Junes mother enjoyed having pride in her daughter, as she thought her daughter was a middle of paper .. al scenarios in different ways, but the parents methods for showing love and hope was mistaken in a negative sense in each case. June, Waverly, and Itabaris parents influences upon each of them has shaped their personalities and ideals from how they behave and the culture they engage in all the way to how they act to each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Mothers Kindness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the end, there is no fault or blame to be pointed out, as we all learn as we grow. Wisdom can be passed from the parent to the child, as well as vice versa, but it often not always understood or seen clearly.

Huey P. Newton And The Black Panther Party Essays - Black Power

Huey P. Newton And The Black Panther Party Essays - Black Power Huey P. Newton And The Black Panther Party During the late 1960's and early '70's posters of the Black Panther Party's co-founder, Huey P. Newton were plastered on walls of college dorm rooms across the country. Wearing a black beret and a leather jacket, sitting on a wicker chair, a spear in one hand and a rifle in the other, the poster depicted Huey Newton as a symbol of his generation's anger and courage in the face of racism and imperialism (Albert and Hoffman 4, 45). His intellectual capacity and community leadership abilities helped to founded the Black Panther Party (BPP). Newton played an instrumental role in refocusing civil rights activists to the problems of urban Black communities. He also tapped the rage and frustration of urban Blacks in order to address social injustice. However, the FBI's significant fear of the Party's aggressive actions would not only drive the party apart but also create false information regarding the Panther's programs and accomplishments. In recent years, historians have devoted much attention of the early 1960's, to Malcolm X and Martin Luther King and have ignored the Black Panthers. The Panthers and Huey P. Newton's leadership of the Party are as significant to the Black freedom struggle as more widely known leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. A typical American history high school textbook not only neglects to mention Huey Newton but also disregards the existence of the Black Panthers altogether. Therefore, we must open this missed chapter in American history and discover the legacy and story of Huey P. Newton. Huey's experiences growing up were centered in his conception of the Black Panthers. Unlike King and many other civil rights leaders who were religious Southerners, from middle class and well-educated families, Huey P. Newton was a working class man from a poor urban black neighborhood. Born February 17, 1942, in Oak Grove Louisiana, Huey moved to Oakland, California when he was just two years old. During childhood, his baby face, light complexion, medium height, squeaky voice and his name Huey, forced him to learn how to fight early on in life. Huey's remarkable quick wit and strength earned him the respect of his peers and the reputation of being a tough guy (Seale 40). Upon his enrollment at Merrit College Huey's academic achievements quickly began to surpass other students, while at the same time he was still able to relate to those he grew up with on the streets of Oakland. Autobiographer, Hugh Pearson in Shadow of the Panther reports that Huey remained comfortable on the street corners with young Negro men who drank wine all dayand fought one another - young men whom most college-bound Negroes shied away from (Pearson 115). Huey's ability and desire to develop his intellect and receive a college education while still identifying with his peers on the street played an influential role in his effective leadership in the Black Panther Party. Early in life Huey experienced regular hostility from local police. He recalled going to the movies as a child where the police would often force him out of the theatre and call him a nigger. Huey reflected upon the mis-treatment in his book To Die for the People; The police were very brutal to us even at that age (Newton 53). Police harassment and physical abuse of Black people became part of every day life for many Blacks across the country. Although the Civil Rights movement was mainly a Southern phenomenon, the non-violent ideology and integrationist focus of the movement became according to historians Floyd W. Hayes and Francis A. C. Kiene as sources of increasing frustration and disillusionment for many Blacks in Northern and Western cities (Hayes and Kiene 159) . As the Civil Rights Movement approached the end of the 1960's northern Blacks became angered by the television coverage of police beatings, incarcerations of Southern non-violent Blacks, employment discrimination along with the police brutalities in Northern Black neighborhoods (Brooks 136). Huey Newton recalls in his autobiography Revolutionary Suicide, We had seen Martin Luther King come to Watts in an effort to calm the people and we have seen his philosophy of nonviolence rejected. Black people had been taught nonviolence; it was deep in us. What good,

Administration of Medications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Administration of Medications - Research Paper Example For instance, intravenous (IV) furosemide directed too hurriedly can have adverse effect of causing deafness. In the same way, too much of topical steroids applied on the body can cause tapering of the skin and various dangerous side-effects. In the opinion of Shane (2009), medication administration can be considered as the â€Å"sharp edge† in the medication-use process, because errors occurred at the prescribing, dispensing, or transcribing stages, if not detected, will result in the patient receiving the medication in error. There are two factors that decide whether or not the medication will meet the anticipated site of action in the body of the patient. They are; The bioavailability of the drug: - Bioavailability is the amount of administrated medication that can affect the systematic circulation and thereby available for circulation to the anticipated site of action. Routes of administration: - The routes of administration consist of the method of carrying out the admini stration of drug. For the effective drug therapy and desired patient outcome, it is essential to recognize the advantages, implications, and disadvantages of the routes of administration. The administration of medication is the prime responsibility of the nurse. The procedure of administering medication involves supporting the patient with a substance given, medication, or deterrence of a clinical illness or situation. The main function of medication administration refers to the specific and absolute delivery of a medication to the patient. The nursing staff must be familiar with the large set of practices in order to attain safe and effective patient outcomes and to organize for and analyze the outcome of medication administration. The first step of medication administration starts with the prescription written by the physician and passes through different channels including nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, etc. Nursing Responsibilities in Administration of Me dication Primarily, the nurse while administrating medication should keep in mind the five rights of medications; right patient, right drug, right time, right dose, and right route of administration (Washington Poison Center, 2008). The nurses must be familiar with the responsibilities and should be duty bound to carry out these responsibilities while administering medication. The nurse should make sure that no medication is given to the patient without an accurate clinical order from a doctor clearly specifying the medication, dose, route, and schedule. To ensure the homogeneity, the medication in the solution should be shaken well before it is parted from the main drug container. In the same way, extra care should be applied while extracting drugs from large containers, and rim of the container must be wiped after taking solutions or suspensions. While administering medication, the nurse must make sure that the drugs are kept in order in a proper place, ensuring that they are not freely accessible to patients or the public. The medications must be preserved well from air, light, and moisture and only those labeled properly must be maintained in the storage. Each medication should be carefully examined regarding its storage, refrigeration and expiration dates. Hughes and Blegen (2008) point out that restricted medication like narcotics should be preserved in lockers and proper records must be maintained on the use of such medication. Nurse must be very careful while dealing with the drugs, knowing exactly the abbreviations of the mediations as well as their action, dosage, indication, route, effects, etc. It is important not to touch drugs, especially tablets and pills

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal Term Paper

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal - Term Paper Example I have had the opportunity to attend to a number of heart transplant operations and carefully observed what transpires during this process. This has given me a background of the activities related to heart transplant operations. Secondly, I have had the opportunity to apply the nursing process in real life situation. In this regards, I have been able to collect a variety of population data from both the clinic and the community sources. I am now able to analyze such data both qualitatively and quantitatively. Basing on this knowledge, I am now able to help in the process of formulating goals and objectives for patient care and give an analytical feedback that can be applied in improving various nursing processes. I have reviewed cases regarding the determination of the need for health promotion and illness management shortcoming with the aim of implementing the best plan interventions basing on the best practice guidelines. Besides, I am now in a position to evaluate the effectivenes s plan interventions basing on the socio-cultural, economic, spiritual, environmental and developmental factors. I have had the opportunity to discuss with the preceptor on issues relating to the effectiveness, the evidence and the ethics of various plan interventions. ... I have established a rapport and gained as much client confidentiality as possible. Further, I am now able to carry out various documentation protocols, utilize the information technology systems and collaborate with my colleagues and staff effectively. Finally, with regards to professional practice, I am glad that I am better placed to maintain professional code of conduct and good behavior during practicum. Besides, I am now able to abide by all the agency’s regulations and policies. 2) What has been the most significant or meaningful learning outcome for you during clinical? The most eminent learning outcome I have achieved this far, is related to the application of the nursing process. Ever since my childhood, I have intrinsically wished to be a nurse. My efforts towards the achievement of this dreams has been inexorable. Thus, I feel great when I know I have the obligation to make a change in people’s lives. Application of the information I have gained in class in real-life clinical practice gives me am internal satisfaction I have always longed for. Seeing myself taking part in extending someone’s life and helping families hold onto their loved ones who are under my care, perpetuate my desire to take part in various other activities related to nursing activities. 3) As you reflect on your clinical experience, what knowledge and skills have you gained that will be helpful to you as a professional? Almost each and every learning outcome during my nursing training has been of great significance during my clinical experience. To begin with, the knowledge I have attained relating on how to attend to carry out patient interviews, perform physical assessments, obtain laboratory specimens and utilize specialty equipment has been very

Big Data in Cloud Computing Issues

Big Data in Cloud Computing Issues Abstract- The term big data or enormous information emerged under the touchy increment of worldwide information as an innovation that can store and handle enormous and fluctuated volumes of information, giving both endeavors and science with profound bits of knowledge over its customers/tests. Cloud computing gives a solid, blame tolerant, accessible and versatile condition to harbor Big data distributed management systems. Inside this paper, we introduce a overview of both innovations and instances of progress when coordinating big data and cloud structures. Albeit big data takes care of quite a bit of our present issues despite everything it exhibits a few crevices and issues that raise concern and need change. Security, privacy, scalability, data heterogeneity, disaster recovery systems, and different difficulties are yet to be tended to. Other concerns are identified with Cloud computing and its capacity to manage exabytes of data or address exaflop figuring proficiently. This pa per presents a diagram of both cloud and big data innovations portraying the present issues with these advances. Introduction As of late, there has been an expanding demand to store and process an ever increasing number of information, in areas, for example, finance, science, and government. Systems that bolster big data, and host them utilizing cloud computing, have been created and utilized effectively. Though big data is in charge of storing and handling information, cloud gives a dependable, fault tolerant, accessible and versatile environment so that big data system can perform (Hashem et al., 2014). Big data, and specifically big data analytics, are seen by both business and scientific ranges as a way to correspond information, discover designs and foresee new patterns. Therefore, there is a colossal enthusiasm for utilizing these two advances, as they can furnish organizations with an upper hand, and science with approaches to total and compress data from analyses such as those performed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). To have the capacity to satisfy the present necessities, enormous data systems must be accessible, fault tolerant, adaptable whats more, versatile. In this paper, we depict both cloud computing and big data systems, concentrating on the issues yet to be tended to. We especially examine security concerns while contracting a big data seller: Data privacy, data administration, and data heterogeneity; disaster recovery strategies; cloud data transferring techniques; and how cloud computing speed and versatility represents a issue with respect to exaflop processing. In spite of a few issues yet to be improved, we show how cloud computing and big data can function admirably together. Our commitments to the present state of art is done by giving an outline over the issues to enhance or still cant seem to be tended to in both technologies or innovations. Storing and processing huge volumes of data requires scalability, adaptation to internal failure and accessibility. Cloud computing conveys all these through hardware virtualization. Accordingly, big data and distributed computing are two perfect ideas as cloud empowers big data to be accessible, versatile and fault tolerant. Business view big data as a profitable business opportunity. Thusly, a few new organizations, for example, Cloudera, Hortonworks, Teradata and numerous others, have begun to concentrate on conveying Big Data as a Benefit (BDaaS) or DataBase as a Service (DBaaS). Organizations, for example, Google, IBM, Amazon and Microsoft additionally give approaches to customers to devour big data on request. BIG DATA ISSUES Albeit big data tackles numerous present issues with respect to volumes of information, it is an always changing range that is dependably being developed and that still represents a few issues. In this area, we show a portion of the issues not yet tended to by big data and distributed computing. Security Enterprises that are wanting to work with a cloud supplier ought to know and ask the accompanying questions: a) Who is the genuine proprietor of the data and who has access to it? The cloud suppliers customers pay for an administration and transfer their data onto the cloud. Be that as it may, to which one of the two partners does information truly have a place? In addition, can the supplier utilize the customers information? What level of get to needs to it whats more, with what purposes can utilize it? Can the cloud supplier advantage from that information? In fact, IT groups responsible of keeping up the customers information must have admittance to data clusters. In this way, it is in the customers ideal enthusiasm to concede limited access to information to limit information get to and ensure that as it were authoriz. b) Where is the data? Sensitive data that is viewed as legitimate in one nation might be illicit in another nation, in this way, for the customer, there ought to be an agreement upon the location of data, as its data might be viewed as illicit in a few nations furthermore, prompt to arraignment. The issues to these inquiries are based upon agreement (Service Level Agreements SLAs), however, these must be painstakingly checked with a specific end goal to completely comprehend the parts of every partner and what arrangements do the SLAs cover and not cover concerning the associations data. Privacy The reaping of data and the utilization of analytical tool to mine data raises a few privacy concerns. Guaranteeing data security and ensuring protection has turned out to be greatly troublesome as data is spread and duplicated the world over. Privacy and data assurance laws are started on singular control over information and on standards for example, data and reason minimization and restriction. All things considered, it is uncertain that limiting information gathering is dependably a handy approach to protection. These days, the security approaches when handling exercises appear to be founded on client assent whats more, on the information that people intentionally give. Privacy is without a doubt an issue that needs further change as frameworks store tremendous amounts of individual information consistently. Heterogeneity Huge information concerns enormous volumes of data additionally distinctive speeds (i.e., data comes at various rates contingent upon its source yield rate and network latency) and extraordinary assortment. Data comes to big data DBMS at various speeds and configurations from different sources. This is since various information gatherers lean toward their possess schemata or conventions for data recording, and the nature of various applications additionally result in assorted data portrayals. Managing such a wide assortment of data and distinctive speed rates is a hard undertaking that Big Data systems must deal with. This undertaking is aggravated by the way that new types of files are always being made with no sort of standardization. However, giving a consistent and general approach to speak to and investigate complex and developing connections from this information still represents a challenge. Disaster Recovery Data is an exceptionally valuable business and losing information will absolutely bring about losing value. In case of occurrence of crisis or perilous mishaps, for example, earthquake, surges and fire, data misfortunes should be negligible. To satisfy this prerequisite, in the event of any episode, information must be rapidly accessible with negligible downtime and loss. As the loss of information will conceivably bring about the loss of money, it is vital to have the capacity to react proficiently to risky occurrences. Effectively conveying huge information DBMSs in the cloud and keeping it generally accessible and fault tolerant may unequivocally rely on upon disaster recovery mechanisms. Other Problems a) Transferringdata onto a cloud is a moderate process and organizations frequently decide to physically send hard drives to the data centres so data can be transferred. In any case, this is neither the most functional nor the most secure answer for transfer data onto the cloud. Through the years has been an exertion to enhance and make proficient data transferring calculations to limit transfer times and give a secure approach to exchange data onto the cloud, be that as it may, this process sill a big bottleneck. b) Exaflop computing is one of todays issues that is subject of numerous discussions. Todays supercomputers and cloud can manage petabyte data sets, however, managing exabyte size datasets still raises loads of worries, since high performance and high transmission capacity is required to exchange and process such gigantic volumes of data over the network. Cloud computing may not be the appropriate response, as it is accepted to be slower than supercomputers since it is limited by the existent data transmission and latency. High performance computers (HPC) are the most encouraging arrangements, however the yearly cost of such a PC is colossal. Besides, there are a few issues in outlining exaflop HPCs, particularly with respect to productive power utilization. Here, arrangements have a tendency to be more GPU based rather than CPU based. There are likewise issues identified with the high level of parallelism required among hundred a large number of CPUs. Examining Exabyte datasets requ ires the change of big data and investigation which postures another issue yet to determine. c) Scalability and elasticity in cloud computingspecifically with respect to big data management systems is a subject that needs additionally investigate as the present systems barely handle data peaks automatically. More often than not, scalability is activated physically instead of automatically and the cutting edge of programmed scalable systems demonstrates that most calculations are receptive or proactive and often investigate scalability from the point of view of better execution. Be that as it may, an appropriate scalable system would permit both manual and automatic receptive and proactive scalability in light of a few measurements, for example, security, workload rebalance (i.e.: the need to rebalance workload) and redundancy (which would empower adaptation to internal failure and accessibility). Additionally, current data rebalance algorithms are in light of histogram building and load equalization . The last mentioned guarantees an even load circulation to every server. In any case, building histograms from each servers heap is time and asset costly and additionally research is being directed on this field to enhance these algorithms. CONCLUSIONS With data expanding on an every day base, big data systems and specifically, analytics devices, have gotten to be a noteworthy drive of advancement that gives an approach to store, handle and get data over petabyte datasets. Cloud environment firmly use big data solutions by giving fault tolerant, scalable whats more, accessible conditions to big data systems. Albeit big data systems are powerful systems that empower both ventures and science to get bits of knowledge over information, there are a few worries that need further examination. Extra exertion must be employed in creating security instruments and standardizing data types. Another significant component of Big Data is scalability, which in business proceduresfor the most part manual, rather than automatic. Additionally research must be done to handle this issue. With respect to this specific area, we are wanting to utilize adaptable mechanisms keeping in mind the end goal to build up an answer for executing elasticity at a few measurements of big data systems running on cloud environments. The objective is to explore the mechanisms that adaptable software can use to trigger scalability at various levels in the cloud stack. 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